Epidemiología, resistencia antimicrobiana y tratamiento antibiótico empírico en peritonitis secundarias de la comunidad en un centro de la prov. de Buenos Aires / Epidemiology and review of antibiotic treatment in secondary community peritonitis in a province Buenos Aires's center

Las peritonitis secundarias constituyen una causa frecuente de internación y de uso de antibioticoterapia dentro de las infecciones intraabdominales. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional de centro único desde enero a diciembre de 2021. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la epidemiología local y adecuar el tratamiento empírico de las peritonitis secundarias de la comunidad. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores a 16 años con peritonitis secundaria, intervención quirúrgica, envío de material a cultivo y desarrollo microbiano de bacterias aerobias a través de la revisión de historias clínicas. Se analizaron cultivos de 36 pacientes, 64% de sexo masculino con una media de edad de 48,8 años. El 22% requirió internación en unidad de cuidados intensivos. La principal causa fue apendicitis aguda en el 61%, seguido por perforación secundaria a tumores. Se aislaron 43 bacterias aerobias (1,2 bacterias por episodio) siendo E. coli el microorganismo más frecuente. En la institución se utiliza piperacilina-tazobactam como tratamiento empírico. De acuerdo a las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología de 2018, en infecciones no complicadas podría utilizarse aminoglucósidos + metronidazol, optando por piperacilina-tazobactam en casos graves. No es recomendado como tratamiento empírico el uso de ampicilina-sulbactam y ciprofloxacina para infecciones graves o con difícil control del foco por la alta tasa de resistencia. En base a nuestro estudio podemos concluir que la epidemiología de los pacientes coincide con lo descrito en publicaciones nacionales, lo que nos lleva a reconsiderar el tratamiento empírico en casos leves, pudiendo optar por aminoglucósidos + metronidazol.

Secondary peritonitis is a frequent cause of hospital admission and an usual cause of use of antibiotic therapy in abdominal infections. We did a retrospective and observational study in one health center between January 2021 and December 2021. The aim of the study was to analyze the local epidemiology and adapt antibiotic empirical therapy of secondary community peritonitis. Patients aged 16 years and older with secondary peritonitis were included in this study. These patients needed surgical intervention and they had a positive culture with aerobic microorganism. We analyzed abdominal cultures from 36 patients, 64% men with a median age of 48.8 years. Twenty- two percent of these patients were admitted to intensive care unit. Acute appendicitis was the principal cause of secondary peritonitis in 61% of cases, followed by tumors. We found 43 aerobic bacterias (1.2 bacteria/episode), E.coli was the most frequent microorganism. In our hospital we use piperacillin- tazobactam for empirical treatment. According to the 2018 recommendations from the Argentine Society of Infectious Diseases, aminoglycosides + metronidazole can be used for uncomplicated intra-abdominal infections, and piperacillin-tazobactam should be used only in severe cases. However, ampicillin-sulbactam or ciprofloxacin is not recommended for severe cases or complicated infections due to the high resistance rates. Based on the finding of the study, it could be said that the epidemiology of the patients coincides with what was described in other national medical journals. Therefore, we should reconsider the use of aminoglycosides + metronidazole as empirical treatment for mild cases.

Expert consensus on multidisciplinary management of intra-abdominal infections / 中华外科杂志

Intra-abdominal infections(IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and complications, which usually need multidisciplinary management including surgeons, intensivists, infectious disease experts, microbiologists, and clinical pharmacists. Based on international and domestic guidelines and recent advances, a number of experts' statements of consensus, with a problem-oriented approach, were made on the cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs such as early recognition, etiology identification, adequate source control, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Main recommendations include concepts of intra-abdominal infection, pathoqen diagnosis precautions; surgical intervention principles and strategies of specific causes including acute appendicitis, upper gastrointestinal perforation, lower gastrointestinal perforation, acute biliary infection, liver abscess, severe acute pancreatitis, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula, anastomotic leakage, gastrointestinal perforation, as well as perforation due to endoscopic procedure etc.; principles of antimicrobial therapy, dosage of antibiotics in specific population and pathophysiological state; and systematic support of severe infection such as early resuscitation and nutrition support.

Pacientes con infección intrabdominal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Patients with Intrabdominal Infection in the Intensive Care Unit

RESUMEN Los pacientes con infección intrabdominal en unidad de cuidados intensivos representan un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico, tanto en el mundo como en Cuba y es responsable del aumento de un periodo de invalidez transitoria y de mortalidad de una parte de los pacientes. El objetivo del artículo fue profundizar en los conocimientos actuales sobre el tratamiento de la infección intrabdominal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizó revisión tipo exploratorio-descriptivo para profundizar el tema y se consultaron fuentes primarias y secundarias de información de las bases de datos Scopus, Medline, Cochrane, Hinary y Redalyc bajo los criterios de sus revisores. La infección intrabdominal en los pacientes bajo cuidados intensivos suscita un mal pronóstico, por lo que requiere de un diagnóstico oportuno y un tratamiento eficaz. Los índices de mortalidad en estos enfermos apenas han decrecido a pesar de los avances tecnológicos(AU)

ABSTRACT Patients with intraabdominal infection in the intensive care unit represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, both in Cuba and worldwide. Such condition is responsible for the increase in the period of temporary disability and mortality in part of the patients. The aim of the article was to deepen the current knowledge on treatment of intraabdominal infection in the intensive care unit. An exploratory-descriptive review was carried out to deepen the subject and primary and secondary sources of information were consulted from the Scopus, Medline, Cochrane, Hinary and Redalyc databases, following the criteria of their reviewers. Intraabdominal infection in patients under intensive care presents poor prognosis, which requires prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. Mortality rates in these patients have barely decreased despite technological advances(AU)

Tempo para evacuação de foco séptico abdominal e mortalidade em portadores de sepse / Time to clearance of abdominal septic focus and mortality in patients with sepsis

RESUMO Objetivo: Aferir a relação entre tempo para evacuação de foco e mortalidade hospitalar em portadores de sepse e choque séptico. Métodos: Estudo observacional, unicêntrico, com análise retrospectiva do tempo para evacuação de foco séptico abdominal. Os pacientes foram classificados conforme o tempo para evacuação do foco em grupo precoce (≤ 12 horas) ou tardio (> 12 horas). Resultados: Foram avaliados 135 pacientes. Não houve associação entre tempo para evacuação do foco e mortalidade hospitalar (≤ 12 horas versus > 12 horas): 52,3% versus 52,9%, com p = 0,137. Conclusão: Não houve diferença na mortalidade hospitalar entre pacientes com sepse ou choque séptico que tiveram foco infeccioso evacuado antes ou após 12 horas do diagnóstico de sepse.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the relationship between time to focus clearance and hospital mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Methods: This was an observational, single-center study with a retrospective analysis of the time to clearance of abdominal septic focus. Patients were classified according to the time to focus clearance into an early (≤ 12 hours) or delayed (> 12 hours) group. Results: A total of 135 patients were evaluated. There was no association between time to focus clearance and hospital mortality (≤ 12 hours versus > 12 hours): 52.3% versus 52.9%, with p = 0.137. Conclusion: There was no difference in hospital mortality among patients with sepsis or septic shock who had an infectious focus evacuated before or after 12 hours after the diagnosis of sepsis.

Current progress of source control in the management of intra-abdominal infections / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is a deadly condition in which the outcome is associated with urgent diagnosis, assessment and management, including fluid resuscitation, antibiotic administration while obtaining further laboratory results, attaining precise measurements of hemodynamic status, and pursuing source control. This last item makes abdominal sepsis a unique treatment challenge. Delayed or inadequate source control is an independent predictor of poor outcomes and recognizing source control failure is often difficult or impossible. Further complicating issue in the debate is surrounding the timing, adequacy, and procedures of source control. This review evaluated and summarized the current approach and challenges in IAI management, which are the future research directions.

Infecciones intraabdominales: Puesta al día y recomendaciones de la sociedad Argentina de infectología / Intra-abdominal infections. Update and recommendations

Las infecciones intraabdominales constituyen un grupo de procesos intra y retroperitoneales, desde cuadros localizados hasta infecciones complicadas, sepsis o shock séptico, con elevada mortalidad. Representan la tercera causa de sepsis y la segunda causa de muerte en unidades de terapia intensiva. El tratamiento antimicrobiano debe iniciarse lo antes posible, especialmente en pacientes en estado crítico, pero también es fundamental el procedimiento de control del foco. Dada la importancia del tema, representantes de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología junto con especialistas en Terapia Intensiva elaboraron estas recomendaciones sobre su diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención. A tal fin, revisaron y analizaron la bibliografía publicada sobre el tema en los últimos 10 años, además de la opinión de expertos y datos locales. El documento ofrece herramientas básicas de diagnóstico basadas en criterios clínicos y microbiológicos, orientación sobre esquemas antibióticos empíricos y dirigidos según foco de origen, lugar de adquisición (comunidad o asociadas al cuidado de la salud) y gravedad de la infección, duración del tratamiento, importancia del control del foco y medidas preventivas para reducir el riesgo de infección del sitio quirúrgico. Asimismo, se presenta un algoritmo sencillo de diagnóstico y tratamiento para uso en la actividad asistencial. El trabajo pone en evidencia la preocupación por el tratamiento de las infecciones intraabdominales, estableciendo pautas locales para mejorar su diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención, con el objeto de disminuir morbimortalidad, días de internación, costos y resistencia antimicrobiana.

Intra-abdominal infections represent a group of intra and retroperitoneal processes, ranging from localized infections to complicated ones, sepsis and septic shock, associated with a significant mortality rate. They are the third most commonly identified cause of sepsis and the second cause of death in the intensive care unit. Although antimicrobial therapy must be started as soon as possible, especially in critically ill patients, the source control procedure is highly relevant. On account of the importance of this subject, members of the Argentine Society of Infectious Diseases (SADI) and intensive care specialists joined to develop recommendations on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of intra-abdominal infections. The literature published within the last 10 years was reviewed and analyzed, in addition of expert opinions and local data. This statement provides a basic tool for diagnosis based on clinical and microbiological criteria, orientation on empirical antimicrobial therapy schemes according to source, acquisition place (community or healthcare associated infections), infection severity, treatment duration, importance of source control, and preventive measures aimed to reduce surgical site infection risk. Likewise, it provides a simple algorithm for diagnosis and treatment for use in clinical practice. The work reveals the concern about the management of intra-abdominal infections, establishing local guidelines to optimize diagnosis, treatment and prevention, with the aim of reducing morbidity, mortality, length of stay, costs and antimicrobial resistance.